in my way of thinking
依字面上之意，是「以我思考的方式」，所以 in my way of thinking 就是「以我看來，就我而言」的意思。同樣的意思，你也可以說 as far as I’m concerned，或者簡單一點的in my opinion。這都是一種謙虛表達意見的方式，在發言之前先聲明這純屬個人的想法。
複習英文
2013-07-30
2013-07-29
英文文法-時態
時態
動詞時態是每年必考的重點，判斷時態最簡捷的方是抓時間副詞或另一個動詞。為了求準、求快，以下即以精要的原則來分析動詞時態。
A. 簡單式
1. 現在簡單式：用以表達事實真理及現存的狀態、風俗、習慣等等。
例：1. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (事實)
2. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. (事實)
3. The Browns spend every summer in the village. (習慣)
4. Whenever he has free time, he goes to the theatre. (習慣)
2. 過去簡單式：用以表達過去的狀態或過去某一點所發生的事。
例：1. He bought a new car ten days ago.
2. The Olympics of 1988 took place (舉行) in Seoul, Korea.
3. In 1675, all towns in the country were required to have schools.
4. Whenever he stayed home in the evening, he went to bed early.
3. 未來簡單式：用以表達未來某一點將要發生的事情，常見的結構為(a)shall, will, should, ought to+原形動詞，或(b)be going to+原形動詞。
例：1. I will telephone you next Friday.
2. I am going to talk to Professor Smith tomorrow.
3. You should hand in your paper as soon as possible.
B. 進行式
1. 現在進行式：用以表達目前正在進行的動作或未來已孜排之計畫。
例：1. Chris is studying in the library.
2. After lunch, I am meeting a friend of mine. (表達未來之計畫)
2. 過去進行式：用以表達過去某一點正在進行的動作。不過真正考詴的重點在於過去進行式與過去簡單式連用，以表達當過去某項動作正在進行(用過去進行式)，突然又有另一個動作發生(用過去簡單式)。
例：1. What were you doing at 10：00 last night? I was studying.
2. While I was taking a shower, the telephone rang.
3. I was walking home when I met Steve.
3. 未來進行式：用以表示未來某點正要進行的動作，其結構為“will, shall+ be+ Ving”。
例：1. At this time tomorrow, I will be sitting in the class.
C. 完成式
1. 現在完成式：用以表達過去某一點所發生的事情一直延伸到現在，通常與現在完成式連用的副詞片語有since(自從)，so far=up to now(到目前為止)，recently(最近)，in recent years。
例：1. I have lived in San Francisco since 1960.
2. I have started learning Japanese recently.
3. I have met many people since I came here in June.
請注意，since是考詴的一大重點，其結構主要為“S+ have+ p.p.+ since+過去時間定點”或“S+ have+ p.p.+ since+ S+過去簡單式”。
2. 過去完成式：通常與過去簡單式連用，以表達動作完成的先後，先完成者用過去完成式，後完成者用過去簡單式。
例：1. When we arrived, the lecture had begun.
2. My parents had already eaten when I got home.
3. 未來完成式：用以表達未來將要完成的動作，若有“by+未來時間”的結構出現，則強烈暗示要用未來完成式。
例：1. By next March, I will have graduated.
2. By 1999, I shall have lived in Hony Kong for ten years.
D. 其它關於時態的考詴要點
1. 進行式通常是表達動作正在進行，凡是表示狀態者不可用進行式，包括(a)事實真理，(b)擁有，如have, own, possess, belong to，(c)位於，如be located, be situated，(d)內心知覺的抽象動詞，如like, dislike, love, hate, know, understand, mean, believe, doubt等等。
例：1. The house belongs to John.
2. We understand what you mean.
2. 表達時間(如when, while, as soon as, before, after, until)或條件(如unless“除非”，if“假如”，as long as“只要”)的副詞子句要用現在式代替未來，但主要子句仍然用未來式。
例：1. After I get home, I will eat dinner.
2. As soon as the taxi comes, we will be able to leave for the airport.
3. If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
英文文法-主動被動
主動被動
主動與被動的判斷是動詞中很重要的觀念，通常我們可以借助下列三個線索來判斷主動被動：
1. 若動詞後有名詞片語(NP)，則幾乎都用主動語態，即“S+ V+ NP”，但consider(認為)，call(稱呼)及name(命名)例外，這種動詞可能用被動。
例：1. Hundreds of people visit the Washington Monument(華盛頓紀念碑) every day. (the Washington Monument為NP，請注意，凡是由冠詞、所有格、數目字所引導的片語皆為名詞片語。)
2. We consider him an artist.
3. He is considered an artist.
2. 若動詞後面有by，且by表達“被”、“由”，則用被動語態，但by若表達“藉著”、“在‥之旁”、“到‥為止”，則要拉主詞跟動詞的意思，才能判斷主動或被動。
例：1. The Old Man and the Sea was written by Earnest Hemingway.
2. He passes by the park every morning. (從‥旁邊)
3. He passed the examination by studying hard. (藉著)
4. I shall have lived in Taipei for 10 years by next week. (到‥為止)
3. 若動詞後沒有NP，也沒有by，則需利用主詞與動詞語意上的關係來判斷主動或被動。
例：1. The house was built in 1940.
2. The plan was carried out successfully.
3. Many people enjoy working at night.
此外，要特別注意有些動詞只用主動語態(常考的有happen, occur, take place“發生”，exist“存在”，die“死”，cost“價錢是‥”，rain, appear, seem, belong to , consist of“由‥組成”等)，另外有些則用於被動語態，如be exposed to(暴露在‥之下)，be supposed to(應該)，be located(位於)等等。
例：1. The idea appeared to me in my dream.
2. Dinosaurs(恐龍) existed millions of years ago.
3. The book consists of fifteen chapters.
英文文法-助動詞
助動詞
助動詞是要幫助動詞表達不同的語氣，在結構上助動詞後面應接原形動詞。以下即精要地介紹關於助詞常考的重點：
1. 一般性的助動詞：a) shall與will表達“將要”(shall通常用於第一人稱I, we，而will則可用於任何人稱)；b)can表達“能夠”，“可能”，“可以”，c)may表達“也許”，“可以”；d)must表達“必頇”、“一定”。
例：1. My father could speak three languages. (能夠)
2. You have been working all day；you must be tired. (一定)
3. Mike might not be in the living room. (也許)
4. When she returns, she will telephone me. (將會)
2. 常考的助動詞句型：a)對目前事情的猜測，表達“現在也許”，“現在可能”用might+原形動詞或could+原形動詞，若是對過去的猜測，則用might+ have+ p.p.或could+ have+ p.p.；b)表達“現在一定是”用must+原形動詞，表達“過去一定是”則用must+ have+ p.p.，這種結構也是猜測，不過語氣很強；表達“目前應該這樣但並沒有這樣”用should+原形動詞，若表達過去則用should+ have+ p.p.。
例：1. A：I can’t find my purse.
B：You could (might) have left it at home.
2. David passed the examination；he must have studied hard.
3. The phone is ringing；it could (might) be John.
4. The price is wrong；it should be $1000, not $1500.
5. They should have arrived here an hour ago, but they didn’t.
3. 其它重要的助動詞：
a) need：need可作助動詞，其結構為“need+原形動詞”，亦可作一般動詞，結構為“need to+原形動詞”，need若當一般動詞，則要考慮到第三人稱單數要加s。另外，need+ Ving表達“需要被‥”，請注意，這種結構一定是表達被動的意思。
例：1. He needs to finish it as soon as possible. (一般動詞)
2. We needn’t hurry. (助動詞)
3. The patient needs taking care of. (需要被照顧)
4. The car needs repairing. (需要被修理)
b) mustn’t表“不可以”，needn’t表達“不需要”，“不必”
例：1. It’s a secret；you mustn’t tell other people.
2. You needn’t come if you don’t want to.
c) ought to = should = be supposed to (應該)
例：1. People ought not to smoke in public.
2. You are supposed to get up early for the five o’clock train.
d) would rather：表達“寧願”，通常用的結構為“would rather A than B”，非常重要的是A與B要用原形動詞來帄行。
例：1. I would rather drink tea.
2. I would rather walk than take a taxi.
e) had better+原形動詞：表達“最好‥”
例：1. It’s getting dark；we had better leave.
2. You had better not be late.
f) used to+原形動詞：表達“過去習慣於”，若表達至今還存在的習慣則用be (get) used (accustomed) to+ Ving或NP。
例：1. After dinner, Frank used to take a walk.
2. My grandfather is used to getting up early and doing exercise.
3. I expect we will get used to the busy life.
註：若“be used to”表達“被使用來‥”，則to為不定詞，應接原形動詞。
例：1. Wind can be used to produce electricity.
翻譯 You got that right
You got that right.
這句話就是「你對了！」的意思，跟 You are right. 是一樣的，但是 You got that right. 是比較口語的說法，說起來比較有「你終於抓到訣竅」的味道。同樣的狀況，英國人更喜歡用 There you go! 或是 Here we go!來表示「你說的沒錯，我贊同你的講法！」
複習英文
2013-07-28
翻譯 by all means
by all means
means 是「方法、手段」，by all means 是「必定、一定、無論如何」的意思，有of course「當然」之意，通常是加強語氣之用。比如人家邀請你去吃飯，你就可以說I’ll come by all means.「我一定會來的。」要注意的是，by any means 同樣也是「一定、無論如何」之意，但是通常用在否定句之中。還有一個片語 by no means，這個的意思就是「絕不」。
2013-07-27
英文文法-基本句型
基本句型
任何句子不管多長皆是一些基本句型衍生而來的，只要介定出主要子句的動詞，即可以了解該句是屬於何種基本句型。以下即針對基本句型做簡要的分析：
1. S+ Vi (完全不及物動詞句型)：不及物動詞的重點在於後面不能直接跟受詞，若要加受詞則應先加介系詞，即“S+ Vi+介系詞+受詞”。
例：1. The men are working. →The men are working in that textile factory. (紡織廠)
2. The audience laughed. →The audience laughed at him.
3. Some students were talking. →Some students were talking to their teacher.
2. S+ Vt+ O (完全及物動詞句型)：完全及物動詞的重點在於後面要直接跟受詞，不能有介系詞。
例：1. Uncle Harry wrote the book.
2. The employer and workers have reached an agreement.
3. He made a lot of money by selling stocks. (股票)
3. S+ Vt+ O+OC (不完全及物動詞句型)：此種動詞的重點在於受詞(O)後面應有形容詞或名詞來作受詞補語(OC)，語意上才算完整。語類動詞包含下列幾種意思：(a)表達“認為”，如think, consider, believe, find, regard, take, (b)表達“使‥”，如make， (c)表達“命名、稱呼”，如name, call。
例：1. All of us thought the exercise interesting.
2. We believe him a responsible person.
3. The book made him famous overnight.
4. We all call him Richard.
4. S+ Vt+ IO(間接受詞)+DO(直接受詞) 〔授與動詞句型〕：這類動詞表達“給”的意思，帶有兩個受詞，間接受詞指人或機構，直接受詞則指事物。另外，授與動詞亦可轉換為帶有介系詞的結構，即S+ Vt+ DO+ to或for+ IO。授與動詞包括give, bring, write, lend, show, send, pay, owe(欠), hand(交給) 〔上列動詞若用介系詞通常用for〕，buy, make(做給), order(點菜)，〔上列動詞介系詞用for〕
例：1. He lent me some books. →He lent some books to me.
2. David handed his father a letter. →David handed a letter to his father.
3. John bought his son a new bicycle. →John bought a new bicycle for his son.
5. S+ LV+ SC (聯輟動詞句型)：這類動詞的重點在於後面應接名詞或形容詞來當主詞補語(SC)，請注意，若接名詞則此名詞在語意上要等於主詞。聯輟動詞包括(a)be動詞，表達“是”；(b)become, grow, turn, get等動詞，表達“變成”；(c)remain, stay, keep等動詞，表達“仍然”；(d)seem, appear, look等動詞，表達“似乎”；(e)feel, taste, smell, sound等感官動詞。
例：1. He finally became a millionaire.
2. Despite the danger, they remained calm(冷靜的).
3. The students appeared confused. (confused為過去分詞當形容詞)
4. The music sounds sweet.
重點思索：關於基本句型一定要掌握住動詞後面跟甚麼結構，這也是每次必考的重點，尤其要特別熟悉句型3、4、5三種。
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