2014-01-08

英文諺語 Art is long, life is short

Art is long, life is short 人生苦短，而學術無窮

Works of art last much longer than human lives.; Life is too short to learn everything you need to know about a particular discipline.
Art is long, life is short. Often quoted as “Ars longa, vita brevis," after Seneca’s rendering in De Brevitate Vitae sect. 1. Hippocrates (c. 460-357 BC). This is one of those rare phrases in which the meaning is more debated than the origin. What is usually understood by ‘Ars longa, vita brevis’ is something along the lines of ‘art lasts forever, but artists die and are forgotten’.
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2014-01-07

英文諺語 An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth

An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth 以眼還眼，以牙還牙

something that you say which means if someone does something wrong, they should be punished by having the same thing done to them
Usage notes: This phrase comes from the Bible.
“You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.’ But I say to you, Do not resist the one who is evil. But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also."
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2014-01-06

論文翻譯之負面研究結果發表






負面研究結果發表

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有實際研究經驗的研究員都知道，實驗做不出原本預期的結果是研究生涯的家常便飯。一般總認為要有「漂亮」的數據才能「拿出去見人」，不如預期或難以解釋的實驗數據通常被列為負面結果。
迫於發表壓力，目前學術界解決負面數據的大概有幾種方法：
  • 重新嘗試變化各種可能影響結果的實驗因素，希望終有一天能篩選出「最合己意」的結果；
  • 怎麼試都不成功，則放棄發表；
  • 或是僅發表有說服力的數據，省去可能有爭議性的數據不提。
負面研究結果為什麼重要？
其實不管是以上哪種做法，嚴格說起來，都有失科學研究的公正性和透明度；例如幾個隱藏問題：
  • 「自欺欺人」之嫌；數據或結論是在有特定期望或偏見的情況下所做出的。
  • 負面結果不一定「真的負面」；或許犧牲了可能另有含義的數據。
  • 「報喜不報憂」，失敗經驗沒有分享機會，恐怕未來同儕或同領域研究員需要浪費不必要的時間重蹈覆轍。
科學界普遍也開始意識到這個問題，因此近年來有如Journal of Negative Results, Journal ofPharmaceutical Negative Results, Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine, Journal ofPharmaceutical Negative Results, All Results Journals等等的期刊，鼓勵發表認為「不成功」的數據，以利學術知識的流通和科學發展。
另外，負面結果不一定真的「一無是處」。利用轉換說法的方式，化負面為正面，例如標題使用“unexpected“, “surprising“, “interesting“, “…is not…“或類似的字眼，說明雖然實驗數據不如一開始預期，但卻出現了意想不到的效果，或是產生值得思考的問題，或間接反證了某種理論。
所以以後實驗若不成功，別沮喪得太早，用正向的態度面對負面結果，試試我們討論的兩種途徑。負面數據一樣可以發表！
Hypothesis-driven research is at the heart of scientific endeavor, and it is often the positive, confirmatory data that get the most attention and guide further research. But many studies produce non-confirmatory data—observations that refute current ideas and carefully constructed hypotheses. And it can be argued that these “negative data,” far from having little value in science, are actually an integral part of scientific progress that deserve more attention.
At first glance, this may seem a little nonsensical; after all, how can non-confirmatory results help science to progress when they fail to substantiate anything? But in fact, in a philosophical sense, only negative data resulting in rejection of a hypothesis represent real progress; positive data in support of the hypothesis cannot exclude the possibility that it may be rejected by future experiments. As philosopher of science Karl Popper stated in 1963: “Every refutation should be regarded as a great success; not merely a success of the scientist who refuted the theory, but also of the scientist who created the refuted theory and who thus in the first instance suggested, if only indirectly, the refuting experiment.”
On a more practical level, Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine (JNRBM) was launched in 2002 on the premise that “failure” is as important in science as in other aspects of life, and that scientific progress depends not only on the accomplishments of individuals but requires collaboration, teamwork, and open communication of all results—positive and negative. After all, the scientific community can only learn from negative results if the data are published. With JNRBM, we want to provide a forum for the discussion of these non-confirmatory findings, and to provide scientists with balanced information to advance the improvement of experimental design and clinical decision-making.
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英文諺語 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy 只工作不消遣，使人遲鈍。

Something that you say which means people who work all the time become boring.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy means that if we don’t balance our day with work and play then we become dull. You must know someone who spends all their hours working, often they lose their sense of humour and don’t appear to be relaxed or happy.
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2014-01-04

英文諺語 All that glitters is not gold

All that glitters is not gold 閃礫者未必都是金；人不可貌相

閃光的不都是金子。有些東西表面上看起來很有價值，實際上也許毫無用處。
All that glitters is not gold is a well-known saying, meaning that not everything that looks precious or true turns out to be so. This can apply to persons, places, or things that promise to be more than they really are.
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2014-01-03

英文諺語 All roads lead to Rome

All roads lead to Rome 條條大道通羅馬；殊途同歸

條條大道通羅馬也被賦予了新的含義，寓意做事情不要固步自封，墨守成規，可以通過多種途徑和嚐試不同方法來達到目的，與中文的“殊途同歸”有異曲同工之妙。
There are many different routes to the same goal.
條條大路通羅馬是著名的英語諺語。出自羅馬典故。古羅馬原是意大利的一個小城邦。公元前3世紀羅馬統一了整個亞平寧半島。公元前1世紀，羅馬城成爲地跨歐亞非三洲的羅馬帝國的政治、經濟和文化中心。羅馬帝國爲了加強其統治，修建了以羅馬爲中心，通向四面八方的大道。據史料記載，羅馬人共築硬面公路8萬公里。這些大道促進了帝國内部和對外的貿易和文化交流。公元8世紀起，羅馬成爲西歐天主教的中心，各地教徒前往朝聖者絡繹不絕。據說，當時從意大利半島乃至歐洲的任何一條大道開始旅行，隻要不停地走，最終都能抵達羅馬。更有趣的是，古羅馬統治者爲了調兵遣將的方便，下令在大道的兩旁種上大樹，以便爲行軍的士兵遮擋炎熱的陽光。 相傳條條大路通羅馬這句話，最早出自羅馬皇帝尤里安之口。
The phrase, “All roads lead to Rome," is one of the most popular phrases in the English language. Little do people realize that the phrase is actually based on historical fact. These people do not realize the fact that all roads, at one time, did lead to Rome.
During the days of the Roman Empire, everyone was to know that Rome was the center of all life. Every road in the Roman Empire either led directly to Rome, or linked to one of the major roads that did lead directly to Rome.
Not only did this fact help to point out the importance of the main city to the Roman Empire, it also improved trade. One of the reasons that the Roman Empire worked so efficiently for such a long time was because travel was easy since, “All road lead to Rome." Trade routes could move more efficiently, and troops could be moved more effectively.
In modern society, one might notice that most of the major cities in the world are designed in a similar fashion to ancient Rome. Roads are interconnected and appear to resonate from some kind of central location. Again, this is to display the importance of the centralized location, and to improve travel between that spot and the environs.
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2014-01-02

英文諺語 All is well that ends well

All is well that ends well 結果佳者方佳

An event that has a good ending is good even if some things went wrong along the way.
A risky enterprise is justified so long as it turns out well in the end.
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