文獻引用的格式 Citation Style
米德佳提供中翻英學術論文翻譯，含英文編修。
適當的引用（citation）他人的學術發表來支持自己的論點，不但是撰寫學術文章的慣例，也是表達對他人知識財產的尊重。我們在之前的文章裡與讀者提過引用文獻的意義及重要性，並在討論過挑選參考文獻的要點。在這節，我們將把焦點集中在文獻引用的格式上。
文獻引用有幾個不同的系統模式，最常見的系統為：哈佛方法（The Harvard Method）以及溫哥華方法（The Vancouver Method）。但不管採用何種方法，都需要遵守完整、準確、格式一致引用的原則。當然，每家期刊或出版社對於引用的格式也有各自的規定，在投稿研究文稿前務必再次確認。
哈佛方法（The Harvard Method）
哈佛方法是最普遍的引用系統，是由Author-Date（作者姓氏—發表年份）的方式來表達，例如：
According to Stewart (1996), this is not always the case. 或
It is unrealistic to expect learners to acquire native-speaker English when they simply do not need it (Rampton 1990).
哈佛方法是最普遍的引用系統，是由Author-Date（作者姓氏—發表年份）的方式來表達，例如：
According to Stewart (1996), this is not always the case. 或
It is unrealistic to expect learners to acquire native-speaker English when they simply do not need it (Rampton 1990).
有時還會加上頁數，例如：
Butcher (1991:78) gives an entirely different explanation of the phenomenon.
Butcher (1991:78) gives an entirely different explanation of the phenomenon.
沒有特定作者時，則寫出版社名稱，例如：
It is forecast that the number of banks closing will continue well into the next century (Lloyds Bank, 1998).
It is forecast that the number of banks closing will continue well into the next century (Lloyds Bank, 1998).
除此之外，在文末的引用文獻（Reference, or Literature Cited）部份還要詳列所有的文獻來源。若引用的是期刊文章，要記載作者姓名、發表年份、文章標題、卷號（Volume）、期號（Issue）、頁數等。
例如：
Keleher, C. (1993) ‘Translating the genetic library: the goals, methods, and applications of the Human Genome Project’. Bull Med Libr Assoc. 81(3):274-277.
作者姓名寫在最前面，通常名可縮寫，但姓要保留原貌；文章名稱用單引號標記，而期刊名稱要使用斜體；最後依序是卷號、期號以及頁數。
例如：
Keleher, C. (1993) ‘Translating the genetic library: the goals, methods, and applications of the Human Genome Project’. Bull Med Libr Assoc. 81(3):274-277.
作者姓名寫在最前面，通常名可縮寫，但姓要保留原貌；文章名稱用單引號標記，而期刊名稱要使用斜體；最後依序是卷號、期號以及頁數。
若是引用書籍，則要提及編者、出版社和發行地。例如：
Bailey, K.M. (1990) ‘The use of diary studies in teacher education programs’ in J.C Richards and D. Nunan (eds.). Second Language Teacher Education. New York: Cambridge University Press.
單引號裡標的一樣是標題；接下來是編者的姓名（名縮寫在前）；書名則用斜體標示。
Bailey, K.M. (1990) ‘The use of diary studies in teacher education programs’ in J.C Richards and D. Nunan (eds.). Second Language Teacher Education. New York: Cambridge University Press.
單引號裡標的一樣是標題；接下來是編者的姓名（名縮寫在前）；書名則用斜體標示。
雖然一般科學研究文章不會引用網路內容或報章雜誌，但哈佛系統對這類引用也做了相關的規定。
引用網路來源的方法如下：
Gower, D. (1997). Advantages of being left-handed [online]. London: Marylebone Cricket Club. Available from:
http://www.lords.org/gower.html [Accessed 30 June 1997]
因為網路訊息通常會不定期更新，所以這裡不但要包含整個網址，還要紀錄截取資料的切確日期。
Gower, D. (1997). Advantages of being left-handed [online]. London: Marylebone Cricket Club. Available from:
http://www.lords.org/gower.html [Accessed 30 June 1997]
因為網路訊息通常會不定期更新，所以這裡不但要包含整個網址，還要紀錄截取資料的切確日期。
而引用報章雜誌的方法也大致相似，唯獨作者在這裡是撰寫該報導的記者：
Hopkins, N & Thorpe, M. (1999) ‘Hoddle: my conscience is clear’, The Guardian, 2 February, p.1.，或
The Guardian (1999) Hoddle: my conscience is clear’, 2 February, p.1.
Hopkins, N & Thorpe, M. (1999) ‘Hoddle: my conscience is clear’, The Guardian, 2 February, p.1.，或
The Guardian (1999) Hoddle: my conscience is clear’, 2 February, p.1.
另外值得注意的是，此項引用系統在文末的文獻列表應完全依照字母排列，不使用任何數字標號。
溫哥華方法（The Vancouver Method）
溫哥華方法採用數字標記，也是常見的引用系統。使用規則類似哈佛方法，但發表年份用數字代替。例如：
Studies by Hussain (8) indicate that global warming may be a myth. ，或
Studies by Hussain8 indicate that global warming may be a myth.
而條列相應文獻的資料的位置一般有三種：
- 在整體文章的最後，
- 每頁的頁角，
- 每個章節的文末。
引用書籍的方法與哈佛方法類似，例如：
Crawley, John. The Transition from County to Country (Preston: Red Rose, 1996)
注意這裡作者的姓名並沒有縮寫；另外，括號裡依序包含的為發行地、出版社以及出版年份。
Crawley, John. The Transition from County to Country (Preston: Red Rose, 1996)
注意這裡作者的姓名並沒有縮寫；另外，括號裡依序包含的為發行地、出版社以及出版年份。
總結上述，文獻引用是容易忽略但卻非常重要的環節，需要用如寫論文內文一樣的認真態度來書寫。最後，再次提醒讀者們在投稿研究文章前，一定要仔細確認該家期刊或出版社的規定格式，以免拖延稿件審查時間。
Why cite sources?
Whenever you quote or base your ideas on another person’s work, you must document the source you used. Even when you do not quote directly from another work, if reading that source contributed to the ideas presented in your paper, you must give the authors proper credit.
Whenever you quote or base your ideas on another person’s work, you must document the source you used. Even when you do not quote directly from another work, if reading that source contributed to the ideas presented in your paper, you must give the authors proper credit.
Citations allow readers to locate and further explore the sources you consulted, show the depth and scope of your research, and give credit to authors for their ideas. Citations provide evidence for your arguments and add credibility to your work by demonstrating that you have sought out and considered a variety of resources. In written academic work, citing sources is standard practice and shows that you are responding to this person, agreeing with that person, and adding something of your own. Think of documenting your sources as providing a trail for your reader to follow to see the research you performed and discover what led you to your original contribution.
專業修改英文提高您學術英文論文被發表的機會︰英文編修
